The Lucknow Session was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League at a joint session of both parties held in Lucknow in December 1916. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow the representation of religious minorities in the provincial legislatures.
(लखनऊ समझौता दिसंबर 1916 में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस और अखिल भारतीय मुस्लिम लीग द्वारा किया गया समझौता है, जो 29 दिसम्बर 1916 को लखनऊ अधिवेशन में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस द्वारा और 31 दिसम्बर 1916 को अखिल भारतीय मुस्लिम लीग द्वारा पारित किया गया।)
The 1916 Lucknow Session was a combined conference of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIML) conducted in Lucknow in December 1916 that resulted in an agreement between the two organisations. The two parties agreed to provide religious minorities participation in provincial legislatures as part of the agreement.
Extremists are being re-admitted to Congress:
The Extremists led by Tilak were finally readmitted to the Congress fold at the Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress, which was presided over by a Moderate, Ambika Charan Majumdar.
Several factors aided the reconciliation of moderates and extremists:
Old disagreements were now unimportant. Both the Moderates and the Extremists saw that the rift had resulted in inaction on the political front.
Tilak and Annie Besant had worked hard to bring the two together. To assuage Moderate fears, Tilak declared that he favoured administrative reform rather than the overthrow of the government. He also denounced acts of violence.
The death of two Moderates, Gokhale and Pherozshah Mehta, who had led the Moderate opposition to the Extremists, facilitated the reunion.
Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League:
Another key event in Lucknow was the coming together of the Muslim League and the Congress, and their presentation to the government of joint demands.
This occurred at a time when the Muslim League, which was now headed by younger militant nationalists, was moving closer to the Congress’ goals and becoming more anti-imperialist.
The Lucknow Pact’s Characteristics:
The Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League is seen as a watershed moment in the nationalist movement for independence.
While the Muslim League promised to present the government with common constitutional demands, Congress accepted the Muslim League’s position on separate electorates, which would remain in place until any one community wanted joint electorates.
Muslims were also given a set number of seats in the legislatures at both the national and provincial levels.
The demands were as follows:
The administration should declare that Indians will be granted self-governance as soon as possible.
Representative assemblies, both at the national and provincial levels, should be expanded with an elected majority and given more powers.
The legislative council should have a five-year tenure.
The Secretary of State for India’s salary should be paid from British treasury funds rather than from Indian finances.
Indians should make up half of the executive councils of the viceroy and provincial governors.
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